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# networkx.algorithms.clique.find_cliques¶

find_cliques(G)[source]

Returns all maximal cliques in an undirected graph.

For each node v, a maximal clique for v is a largest complete subgraph containing v. The largest maximal clique is sometimes called the maximum clique.

This function returns an iterator over cliques, each of which is a list of nodes. It is an iterative implementation, so should not suffer from recursion depth issues.

Parameters: G (NetworkX graph) – An undirected graph. An iterator over maximal cliques, each of which is a list of nodes in G. The order of cliques is arbitrary. iterator

find_cliques_recursive()
A recursive version of the same algorithm.

Notes

To obtain a list of all maximal cliques, use list(find_cliques(G)). However, be aware that in the worst-case, the length of this list can be exponential in the number of nodes in the graph (for example, when the graph is the complete graph). This function avoids storing all cliques in memory by only keeping current candidate node lists in memory during its search.

This implementation is based on the algorithm published by Bron and Kerbosch (1973) [1], as adapted by Tomita, Tanaka and Takahashi (2006) [2] and discussed in Cazals and Karande (2008) [3]. It essentially unrolls the recursion used in the references to avoid issues of recursion stack depth (for a recursive implementation, see find_cliques_recursive()).

This algorithm ignores self-loops and parallel edges, since cliques are not conventionally defined with such edges.

References

 [1] Bron, C. and Kerbosch, J. “Algorithm 457: finding all cliques of an undirected graph”. Communications of the ACM 16, 9 (Sep. 1973), 575–577.
 [2] Etsuji Tomita, Akira Tanaka, Haruhisa Takahashi, “The worst-case time complexity for generating all maximal cliques and computational experiments”, Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 363, Issue 1, Computing and Combinatorics, 10th Annual International Conference on Computing and Combinatorics (COCOON 2004), 25 October 2006, Pages 28–42
 [3] F. Cazals, C. Karande, “A note on the problem of reporting maximal cliques”, Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 407, Issues 1–3, 6 November 2008, Pages 564–568,