Warning

This documents an unmaintained version of NetworkX. Please upgrade to a maintained version and see the current NetworkX documentation.

MultiDiGraph—Directed graphs with self loops and parallel edges¶

Overview¶

class MultiDiGraph(data=None, **attr)[source]¶

A directed graph class that can store multiedges.

Multiedges are multiple edges between two nodes. Each edge can hold optional data or attributes.

A MultiDiGraph holds directed edges. Self loops are allowed.

Nodes can be arbitrary (hashable) Python objects with optional key/value attributes. By convention None is not used as a node.

Edges are represented as links between nodes with optional key/value attributes.

Parameters:

data (input graph) – Data to initialize graph. If data=None (default) an empty graph is created. The data can be any format that is supported by the to_networkx_graph() function, currently including edge list, dict of dicts, dict of lists, NetworkX graph, NumPy matrix or 2d ndarray, SciPy sparse matrix, or PyGraphviz graph.
attr (keyword arguments, optional (default= no attributes)) – Attributes to add to graph as key=value pairs.

Examples

Create an empty graph structure (a “null graph”) with no nodes and no edges.

>>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph()

G can be grown in several ways.

Nodes:

Add one node at a time:

>>> G.add_node(1)

Add the nodes from any container (a list, dict, set or even the lines from a file or the nodes from another graph).

>>> G.add_nodes_from([2, 3])
>>> G.add_nodes_from(range(100, 110))
>>> H = nx.path_graph(10)
>>> G.add_nodes_from(H)

In addition to strings and integers any hashable Python object (except None) can represent a node, e.g. a customized node object, or even another Graph.

>>> G.add_node(H)

Edges:

G can also be grown by adding edges.

Add one edge,

>>> key = G.add_edge(1, 2)

a list of edges,

>>> keys = G.add_edges_from([(1, 2), (1, 3)])

or a collection of edges,

>>> keys = G.add_edges_from(H.edges)

If some edges connect nodes not yet in the graph, the nodes are added automatically. If an edge already exists, an additional edge is created and stored using a key to identify the edge. By default the key is the lowest unused integer.

>>> keys = G.add_edges_from([(4,5,dict(route=282)), (4,5,dict(route=37))])
>>> G[4]
AdjacencyView({5: {0: {}, 1: {'route': 282}, 2: {'route': 37}}})

Attributes:

Each graph, node, and edge can hold key/value attribute pairs in an associated attribute dictionary (the keys must be hashable). By default these are empty, but can be added or changed using add_edge, add_node or direct manipulation of the attribute dictionaries named graph, node and edge respectively.

>>> G = nx.MultiDiGraph(day="Friday")
>>> G.graph
{'day': 'Friday'}

Add node attributes using add_node(), add_nodes_from() or G.nodes

>>> G.add_node(1, time='5pm')
>>> G.add_nodes_from([3], time='2pm')
>>> G.nodes[1]
{'time': '5pm'}
>>> G.nodes[1]['room'] = 714
>>> del G.nodes[1]['room'] # remove attribute
>>> list(G.nodes(data=True))
[(1, {'time': '5pm'}), (3, {'time': '2pm'})]

Add edge attributes using add_edge(), add_edges_from(), subscript notation, or G.edges.

>>> key = G.add_edge(1, 2, weight=4.7 )
>>> keys = G.add_edges_from([(3, 4), (4, 5)], color='red')
>>> keys = G.add_edges_from([(1,2,{'color':'blue'}), (2,3,{'weight':8})])
>>> G[1][2][0]['weight'] = 4.7
>>> G.edges[1, 2, 0]['weight'] = 4

Warning: we protect the graph data structure by making G.edges[1, 2] a read-only dict-like structure. Use 2 sets of brackets to add/change data attributes. (For multigraphs: MG.edges[u, v, key][name] = value).

Shortcuts:

Many common graph features allow python syntax to speed reporting.

>>> 1 in G     # check if node in graph
True
>>> [n for n in G if n<3]   # iterate through nodes
[1, 2]
>>> len(G)  # number of nodes in graph
5
>>> G[1] # adjacency dict-like view keyed by neighbor to edge attributes
AdjacencyView({2: {0: {'weight': 4}, 1: {'color': 'blue'}}})

Often the best way to traverse all edges of a graph is via the neighbors. The neighbors are available as an adjacency-view G.adj object or via the method G.adjacency().

>>> for n, nbrsdict in G.adjacency():
...     for nbr, keydict in nbrsdict.items():
...        for key, eattr in keydict.items():
...            if 'weight' in eattr:
...                # Do something useful with the edges
...                pass

But the edges() method is often more convenient:

>>> for u, v, keys, weight in G.edges(data='weight', keys=True):
...     if weight is not None:
...         # Do something useful with the edges
...         pass

Reporting:

Simple graph information is obtained using methods and object-attributes. Reporting usually provides views instead of containers to reduce memory usage. The views update as the graph is updated similarly to dict-views. The objects nodes, `edges and adj provide access to data attributes via lookup (e.g. nodes[n], `edges[u, v], adj[u][v]) and iteration (e.g. nodes.items(), nodes.data('color'), nodes.data('color', default='blue') and similarly for edges) Views exist for nodes, edges, neighbors()/adj and degree.

For details on these and other miscellaneous methods, see below.

Subclasses (Advanced):

The MultiDiGraph class uses a dict-of-dict-of-dict-of-dict structure. The outer dict (node_dict) holds adjacency information keyed by node. The next dict (adjlist_dict) represents the adjacency information and holds edge_key dicts keyed by neighbor. The edge_key dict holds each edge_attr dict keyed by edge key. The inner dict (edge_attr_dict) represents the edge data and holds edge attribute values keyed by attribute names.

Each of these four dicts in the dict-of-dict-of-dict-of-dict structure can be replaced by a user defined dict-like object. In general, the dict-like features should be maintained but extra features can be added. To replace one of the dicts create a new graph class by changing the class(!) variable holding the factory for that dict-like structure. The variable names are node_dict_factory, adjlist_inner_dict_factory, adjlist_outer_dict_factory, and edge_attr_dict_factory.

node_dict_factory : function, (default: dict): Factory function to be used to create the dict containing node attributes, keyed by node id. It should require no arguments and return a dict-like object
adjlist_outer_dict_factory : function, (default: dict): Factory function to be used to create the outer-most dict in the data structure that holds adjacency info keyed by node. It should require no arguments and return a dict-like object.
adjlist_inner_dict_factory : function, (default: dict): Factory function to be used to create the adjacency list dict which holds multiedge key dicts keyed by neighbor. It should require no arguments and return a dict-like object.
edge_key_dict_factory : function, (default: dict): Factory function to be used to create the edge key dict which holds edge data keyed by edge key. It should require no arguments and return a dict-like object.
edge_attr_dict_factory : function, (default: dict): Factory function to be used to create the edge attribute dict which holds attrbute values keyed by attribute name. It should require no arguments and return a dict-like object.

Examples

Please see ordered for examples of creating graph subclasses by overwriting the base class dict with a dictionary-like object.

Methods¶

Adding and Removing Nodes and Edges¶

`MultiDiGraph.__init__`([data])	Initialize a graph with edges, name, or graph attributes.
`MultiDiGraph.add_node`(n, **attr)	Add a single node n and update node attributes.
`MultiDiGraph.add_nodes_from`(nodes, **attr)	Add multiple nodes.
`MultiDiGraph.remove_node`(n)	Remove node n.
`MultiDiGraph.remove_nodes_from`(nodes)	Remove multiple nodes.
`MultiDiGraph.add_edge`(u, v[, key])	Add an edge between u and v.
`MultiDiGraph.add_edges_from`(ebunch, **attr)	Add all the edges in ebunch.
`MultiDiGraph.add_weighted_edges_from`(ebunch)	Add all the weighted edges in ebunch with specified weights.
`MultiDiGraph.new_edge_key`(u, v)	Return an unused key for edges between nodes `u` and `v`.
`MultiDiGraph.remove_edge`(u, v[, key])	Remove an edge between u and v.
`MultiDiGraph.remove_edges_from`(ebunch)	Remove all edges specified in ebunch.
`MultiDiGraph.clear`()	Remove all nodes and edges from the graph.

Reporting nodes edges and neighbors¶

`MultiDiGraph.nodes`	A NodeView of the Graph as G.nodes or G.nodes().
`MultiDiGraph.__iter__`()	Iterate over the nodes.
`MultiDiGraph.has_node`(n)	Return True if the graph contains the node n.
`MultiDiGraph.__contains__`(n)	Return True if n is a node, False otherwise.
`MultiDiGraph.edges`	An OutMultiEdgeView of the Graph as G.edges or G.edges().
`MultiDiGraph.out_edges`	An OutMultiEdgeView of the Graph as G.edges or G.edges().
`MultiDiGraph.in_edges`	An InMultiEdgeView of the Graph as G.in_edges or G.in_edges().
`MultiDiGraph.has_edge`(u, v[, key])	Return True if the graph has an edge between nodes u and v.
`MultiDiGraph.get_edge_data`(u, v[, key, default])	Return the attribute dictionary associated with edge (u, v).
`MultiDiGraph.neighbors`(n)	Return an iterator over successor nodes of n.
`MultiDiGraph.adj`	Graph adjacency object holding the neighbors of each node.
`MultiDiGraph.__getitem__`(n)	Return a dict of neighbors of node n.
`MultiDiGraph.successors`(n)	Return an iterator over successor nodes of n.
`MultiDiGraph.succ`	Graph adjacency object holding the successors of each node.
`MultiDiGraph.predecessors`(n)	Return an iterator over predecessor nodes of n.
`MultiDiGraph.succ`	Graph adjacency object holding the successors of each node.
`MultiDiGraph.adjacency`()	Return an iterator over (node, adjacency dict) tuples for all nodes.
`MultiDiGraph.nbunch_iter`([nbunch])	Return an iterator over nodes contained in nbunch that are also in the graph.

Counting nodes edges and neighbors¶

`MultiDiGraph.order`()	Return the number of nodes in the graph.
`MultiDiGraph.number_of_nodes`()	Return the number of nodes in the graph.
`MultiDiGraph.__len__`()	Return the number of nodes.
`MultiDiGraph.degree`	A DegreeView for the Graph as G.degree or G.degree().
`MultiDiGraph.in_degree`	A DegreeView for (node, in_degree) or in_degree for single node.
`MultiDiGraph.out_degree`	Return an iterator for (node, out-degree) or out-degree for single node.
`MultiDiGraph.size`([weight])	Return the number of edges or total of all edge weights.
`MultiDiGraph.number_of_edges`([u, v])	Return the number of edges between two nodes.

Making copies and subgraphs¶

`MultiDiGraph.copy`([as_view])	Return a copy of the graph.
`MultiDiGraph.to_undirected`([reciprocal, as_view])	Return an undirected representation of the digraph.
`MultiDiGraph.to_directed`([as_view])	Return a directed representation of the graph.
`MultiDiGraph.subgraph`(nodes)	Return a SubGraph view of the subgraph induced on nodes in `nodes`.
`MultiDiGraph.edge_subgraph`(edges)	Returns the subgraph induced by the specified edges.
`MultiDiGraph.reverse`([copy])	Return the reverse of the graph.
`MultiDiGraph.fresh_copy`()	Return a fresh copy graph with the same data structure.