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Source code for networkx.algorithms.bridges

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# bridges.py - bridge-finding algorithms
#
#
# This file is part of NetworkX.
#
# information.
"""Bridge-finding algorithms."""
from itertools import chain

import networkx as nx
from networkx.utils import not_implemented_for

__all__ = ['bridges', 'has_bridges', 'local_bridges']

[docs]@not_implemented_for('multigraph')
@not_implemented_for('directed')
def bridges(G, root=None):
"""Generate all bridges in a graph.

A *bridge* in a graph is an edge whose removal causes the number of
connected components of the graph to increase.  Equivalently, a bridge is an
edge that does not belong to any cycle.

Parameters
----------
G : undirected graph

root : node (optional)
A node in the graph G. If specified, only the bridges in the
connected component containing this node will be returned.

Yields
------
e : edge
An edge in the graph whose removal disconnects the graph (or
causes the number of connected components to increase).

Raises
------
NodeNotFound
If root is not in the graph G.

Examples
--------
The barbell graph with parameter zero has a single bridge:

>>> G = nx.barbell_graph(10, 0)
>>> list(nx.bridges(G))
[(9, 10)]

Notes
-----
This is an implementation of the algorithm described in _[1].  An edge is a
bridge if and only if it is not contained in any chain. Chains are found
using the :func:networkx.chain_decomposition function.

Ignoring polylogarithmic factors, the worst-case time complexity is the
same as the :func:networkx.chain_decomposition function,
$O(m + n)$, where $n$ is the number of nodes in the graph and $m$ is
the number of edges.

References
----------
.. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_%28graph_theory%29#Bridge-Finding_with_Chain_Decompositions
"""
chains = nx.chain_decomposition(G, root=root)
chain_edges = set(chain.from_iterable(chains))
for u, v in G.edges():
if (u, v) not in chain_edges and (v, u) not in chain_edges:
yield u, v

[docs]@not_implemented_for('multigraph')
@not_implemented_for('directed')
def has_bridges(G, root=None):
"""Decide whether a graph has any bridges.

A *bridge* in a graph is an edge whose removal causes the number of
connected components of the graph to increase.

Parameters
----------
G : undirected graph

root : node (optional)
A node in the graph G. If specified, only the bridges in the
connected component containing this node will be considered.

Returns
-------
bool
Whether the graph (or the connected component containing root)
has any bridges.

Raises
------
NodeNotFound
If root is not in the graph G.

Examples
--------
The barbell graph with parameter zero has a single bridge::

>>> G = nx.barbell_graph(10, 0)
>>> nx.has_bridges(G)
True

On the other hand, the cycle graph has no bridges::

>>> G = nx.cycle_graph(5)
>>> nx.has_bridges(G)
False

Notes
-----
This implementation uses the :func:networkx.bridges function, so
it shares its worst-case time complexity, $O(m + n)$, ignoring
polylogarithmic factors, where $n$ is the number of nodes in the
graph and $m$ is the number of edges.

"""
try:
next(bridges(G))
except StopIteration:
return False
else:
return True

[docs]@not_implemented_for('multigraph')
@not_implemented_for('directed')
def local_bridges(G, with_span=True, weight=None):
"""Iterate over local bridges of G optionally computing the span

A *local bridge* is an edge whose endpoints have no common neighbors.
That is, the edge is not part of a triangle in the graph.

The *span* of a *local bridge* is the shortest path length between
the endpoints if the local bridge is removed.

Parameters
----------
G : undirected graph

with_span : bool
If True, yield a 3-tuple (u, v, span)

weight : function, string or None (default: None)
If function, used to compute edge weights for the span.
If string, the edge data attribute used in calculating span.
If None, all edges have weight 1.

Yields
------
e : edge
The local bridges as an edge 2-tuple of nodes (u, v) or
as a 3-tuple (u, v, span) when with_span is True.

Examples
--------
A cycle graph has every edge a local bridge with span N-1.

>>> G = nx.cycle_graph(9)
>>> (0, 8, 8) in set(nx.local_bridges(G))
True
"""
if with_span is not True:
for u, v in G.edges:
if not (set(G[u]) & set(G[v])):
yield u, v
else:
wt = nx.weighted._weight_function(G, weight)
for u, v in G.edges:
if not (set(G[u]) & set(G[v])):
enodes = {u, v}

def hide_edge(n, nbr, d):
if n not in enodes or nbr not in enodes:
return wt(n, nbr, d)
return None

try:
span = nx.shortest_path_length(G, u, v, weight=hide_edge)
yield u, v, span
except nx.NetworkXNoPath:
yield u, v, float('inf')