# depth_first_search.py - depth-first traversals of a graph
#
# Copyright 2004-2017 NetworkX developers.
#
# This file is part of NetworkX.
#
# NetworkX is distributed under a BSD license; see LICENSE.txt for more
# information.
#
# Author:
# Aric Hagberg <aric.hagberg@gmail.com>
"""Basic algorithms for depth-first searching the nodes of a graph."""
import networkx as nx
from collections import defaultdict
__all__ = ['dfs_edges', 'dfs_tree',
'dfs_predecessors', 'dfs_successors',
'dfs_preorder_nodes', 'dfs_postorder_nodes',
'dfs_labeled_edges']
[docs]def dfs_edges(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Iterate over edges in a depth-first-search (DFS).
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search and return edges in
the component reachable from source.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
edges: generator
A generator of edges in the depth-first-search.
Examples
--------
>>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
>>> list(nx.dfs_edges(G, source=0))
[(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
>>> list(nx.dfs_edges(G, source=0, depth_limit=2))
[(0, 1), (1, 2)]
Notes
-----
If a source is not specified then a source is chosen arbitrarily and
repeatedly until all components in the graph are searched.
The implementation of this function is adapted from David Eppstein's
depth-first search function in `PADS`_, with modifications
to allow depth limits based on the Wikipedia article
"`Depth-limited search`_".
.. _PADS: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS
.. _Depth-limited search: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-limited_search
See Also
--------
dfs_preorder_nodes
dfs_postorder_nodes
dfs_labeled_edges
"""
if source is None:
# edges for all components
nodes = G
else:
# edges for components with source
nodes = [source]
visited = set()
if depth_limit is None:
depth_limit = len(G)
for start in nodes:
if start in visited:
continue
visited.add(start)
stack = [(start, depth_limit, iter(G[start]))]
while stack:
parent, depth_now, children = stack[-1]
try:
child = next(children)
if child not in visited:
yield parent, child
visited.add(child)
if depth_now > 1:
stack.append((child, depth_now-1, iter(G[child])))
except StopIteration:
stack.pop()
[docs]def dfs_tree(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Return oriented tree constructed from a depth-first-search from source.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
T : NetworkX DiGraph
An oriented tree
Examples
--------
>>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
>>> T = nx.dfs_tree(G, source=0, depth_limit=2)
>>> list(T.edges())
[(0, 1), (1, 2)]
>>> T = nx.dfs_tree(G, source=0)
>>> list(T.edges())
[(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
"""
T = nx.DiGraph()
if source is None:
T.add_nodes_from(G)
else:
T.add_node(source)
T.add_edges_from(dfs_edges(G, source, depth_limit))
return T
[docs]def dfs_predecessors(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Return dictionary of predecessors in depth-first-search from source.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search and return edges in
the component reachable from source.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
pred: dict
A dictionary with nodes as keys and predecessor nodes as values.
Examples
--------
>>> G = nx.path_graph(4)
>>> nx.dfs_predecessors(G, source=0)
{1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 2}
>>> nx.dfs_predecessors(G, source=0, depth_limit=2)
{1: 0, 2: 1}
Notes
-----
If a source is not specified then a source is chosen arbitrarily and
repeatedly until all components in the graph are searched.
The implementation of this function is adapted from David Eppstein's
depth-first search function in `PADS`_, with modifications
to allow depth limits based on the Wikipedia article
"`Depth-limited search`_".
.. _PADS: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS
.. _Depth-limited search: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-limited_search
"""
return {t: s for s, t in dfs_edges(G, source, depth_limit)}
[docs]def dfs_successors(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Return dictionary of successors in depth-first-search from source.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search and return edges in
the component reachable from source.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
succ: dict
A dictionary with nodes as keys and list of successor nodes as values.
Examples
--------
>>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
>>> nx.dfs_successors(G, source=0)
{0: [1], 1: [2], 2: [3], 3: [4]}
>>> nx.dfs_successors(G, source=0, depth_limit=2)
{0: [1], 1: [2]}
Notes
-----
If a source is not specified then a source is chosen arbitrarily and
repeatedly until all components in the graph are searched.
The implementation of this function is adapted from David Eppstein's
depth-first search function in `PADS`_, with modifications
to allow depth limits based on the Wikipedia article
"`Depth-limited search`_".
.. _PADS: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS
.. _Depth-limited search: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-limited_search
"""
d = defaultdict(list)
for s, t in dfs_edges(G, source=source, depth_limit=depth_limit):
d[s].append(t)
return dict(d)
[docs]def dfs_postorder_nodes(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Generate nodes in a depth-first-search post-ordering starting at source.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search and return edges in
the component reachable from source.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
nodes: generator
A generator of nodes in a depth-first-search post-ordering.
Examples
--------
>>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
>>> list(nx.dfs_postorder_nodes(G, source=0))
[4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
>>> list(nx.dfs_postorder_nodes(G, source=0, depth_limit=2))
[1, 0]
Notes
-----
If a source is not specified then a source is chosen arbitrarily and
repeatedly until all components in the graph are searched.
The implementation of this function is adapted from David Eppstein's
depth-first search function in `PADS`_, with modifications
to allow depth limits based on the Wikipedia article
"`Depth-limited search`_".
.. _PADS: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS
.. _Depth-limited search: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-limited_search
See Also
--------
dfs_edges
dfs_preorder_nodes
dfs_labeled_edges
"""
edges = nx.dfs_labeled_edges(G, source=source, depth_limit=depth_limit)
return (v for u, v, d in edges if d == 'reverse')
[docs]def dfs_preorder_nodes(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Generate nodes in a depth-first-search pre-ordering starting at source.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search and return edges in
the component reachable from source.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
nodes: generator
A generator of nodes in a depth-first-search pre-ordering.
Examples
--------
>>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
>>> list(nx.dfs_preorder_nodes(G, source=0))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list(nx.dfs_preorder_nodes(G, source=0, depth_limit=2))
[0, 1, 2]
Notes
-----
If a source is not specified then a source is chosen arbitrarily and
repeatedly until all components in the graph are searched.
The implementation of this function is adapted from David Eppstein's
depth-first search function in `PADS`_, with modifications
to allow depth limits based on the Wikipedia article
"`Depth-limited search`_".
.. _PADS: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS
.. _Depth-limited search: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-limited_search
See Also
--------
dfs_edges
dfs_postorder_nodes
dfs_labeled_edges
"""
edges = nx.dfs_labeled_edges(G, source=source, depth_limit=depth_limit)
return (v for u, v, d in edges if d == 'forward')
[docs]def dfs_labeled_edges(G, source=None, depth_limit=None):
"""Iterate over edges in a depth-first-search (DFS) labeled by type.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
source : node, optional
Specify starting node for depth-first search and return edges in
the component reachable from source.
depth_limit : int, optional (default=len(G))
Specify the maximum search depth.
Returns
-------
edges: generator
A generator of triples of the form (*u*, *v*, *d*), where (*u*,
*v*) is the edge being explored in the depth-first search and *d*
is one of the strings 'forward', 'nontree', or 'reverse'. A
'forward' edge is one in which *u* has been visited but *v* has
not. A 'nontree' edge is one in which both *u* and *v* have been
visited but the edge is not in the DFS tree. A 'reverse' edge is
on in which both *u* and *v* have been visited and the edge is in
the DFS tree.
Examples
--------
The labels reveal the complete transcript of the depth-first search
algorithm in more detail than, for example, :func:`dfs_edges`::
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>>
>>> G = nx.DiGraph([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)])
>>> pprint(list(nx.dfs_labeled_edges(G, source=0)))
[(0, 0, 'forward'),
(0, 1, 'forward'),
(1, 2, 'forward'),
(2, 1, 'nontree'),
(1, 2, 'reverse'),
(0, 1, 'reverse'),
(0, 0, 'reverse')]
Notes
-----
If a source is not specified then a source is chosen arbitrarily and
repeatedly until all components in the graph are searched.
The implementation of this function is adapted from David Eppstein's
depth-first search function in `PADS`_, with modifications
to allow depth limits based on the Wikipedia article
"`Depth-limited search`_".
.. _PADS: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS
.. _Depth-limited search: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth-limited_search
See Also
--------
dfs_edges
dfs_preorder_nodes
dfs_postorder_nodes
"""
# Based on http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/PADS/DFS.py
# by D. Eppstein, July 2004.
if source is None:
# edges for all components
nodes = G
else:
# edges for components with source
nodes = [source]
visited = set()
if depth_limit is None:
depth_limit = len(G)
for start in nodes:
if start in visited:
continue
yield start, start, 'forward'
visited.add(start)
stack = [(start, depth_limit, iter(G[start]))]
while stack:
parent, depth_now, children = stack[-1]
try:
child = next(children)
if child in visited:
yield parent, child, 'nontree'
else:
yield parent, child, 'forward'
visited.add(child)
if depth_now > 1:
stack.append((child, depth_now-1, iter(G[child])))
except StopIteration:
stack.pop()
if stack:
yield stack[-1][0], parent, 'reverse'
yield start, start, 'reverse'